Vue 动画
Vue 中内置的 <Transition>
组件可以帮助我们在使用 v-if
, v-show
或动态组件添加或删除元素时制作动画。
在其他情况下使用纯 CSS 转换和动画并没有错。
CSS 转换和动画简介
但是,在我们使用 Vue 特定的内置 <Transition>
组件来创建动画之前,让我们看看如何将普通 CSS 动画和转换与 Vue 一起使用的两个实例。
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Basic CSS Transition</h1>
<button @click="this.doesRotate = true">Rotate</button>
<div :class="{ rotate: doesRotate }"></div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
doesRotate: false
}
}
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.rotate {
rotate: 160deg;
transition: rotate 1s;
}
div {
border: solid black 2px;
background-color: lightcoral;
width: 60px;
height: 60px;
}
h1, button, div {
margin: 10px;
}
</style>
在上面的例子中,我们使用 v-bind
为 <div>
标记提供一个类,以便它旋转。旋转需要 1 秒的原因是它是用 CSS 转换属性定义的。
在下面的实例中,我们将看到如何使用 CSS animation
属性移动对象。
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Basic CSS Animation</h1>
<button @click="this.doesMove = true">Start</button>
<div :class="{ move: doesMove }"></div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
doesMove: false
}
}
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.move {
animation: move .5s alternate 4 ease-in-out;
}
@keyframes move {
from {
translate: 0 0;
}
to {
translate: 70px 0;
}
}
div {
border: solid black 2px;
background-color: lightcoral;
border-radius: 50%;
width: 60px;
height: 60px;
}
h1, button, div {
margin: 10px;
}
</style>
<Transition> 组件
使用简单的 CSS 转换和动画并没有错,就像我们在上面两个例子中所做的那样。
但幸运的是,Vue 为我们提供了内置的 <Transition>
组件,用于在元素从我们的应用程序中删除或添加时使用 v-if
或 v-show
对其进行动画处理的情况,因为这在使用纯 CSS 动画时很难做到。
让我们首先制作一个按钮添加或删除 <p>
标记的应用程序:
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
<button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
<p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
exists: false
}
},
computed: {
btnText() {
if(this.exists) {
return 'Remove';
}
else {
return 'Add';
}
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
p {
background-color: lightgreen;
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
现在,让我们将 <Transition>
组件包裹在 <p>
标记周围,并查看如何设置移除 <p>
标签的动画。
当我们使用 <Transition>
组件时,我们会自动获得六个不同的 CSS 类,当添加或删除元素时,我们可以使用这些类来设置动画。
在下面的实例中,我们将使用自动可用的类 v-leave-from
和 v-leave-to
在移除 <p>
标记时制作淡出动画:
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
<button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
<Transition>
<p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
exists: false
}
},
computed: {
btnText() {
if(this.exists) {
return 'Remove';
}
else {
return 'Add';
}
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.v-leave-from {
opacity: 1;
}
.v-leave-to {
opacity: 0;
}
p {
background-color: lightgreen;
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
transition: opacity 0.5s;
}
</style>
6 个 <Transition> 类
当我们使用 <Transition>
组件时,有 6 个类自动可用。
添加 <Transition>
组件中的元素后,我们可以使用前 3 个类来设置该转换的动画:
- v-enter-from
- v-enter-active
- v-enter-to
当 <Transition>
组件中的一个元素被 移除 时,我们可以使用下面 3 个类:
- v-leave-from
- v-leave-active
- v-leave-to
现在,让我们使用其中的 4 个类,这样我们就可以在添加 <p>
标记时和移除 <p>
标签时都设置动画。
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
<button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
<Transition>
<p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
exists: false
}
},
computed: {
btnText() {
if(this.exists) {
return 'Remove';
}
else {
return 'Add';
}
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.v-enter-from {
opacity: 0;
translate: -100px 0;
}
.v-enter-to {
opacity: 1;
translate: 0 0;
}
.v-leave-from {
opacity: 1;
translate: 0 0;
}
.v-leave-to {
opacity: 0;
translate: 100px 0;
}
p {
background-color: lightgreen;
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
transition: all 0.5s;
}
</style>
我们还可以使用 v-enter-active
和 v-leave-active
在添加或删除元素期间设置样式或动画:
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
<button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
<Transition>
<p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
exists: false
}
},
computed: {
btnText() {
if(this.exists) {
return 'Remove';
}
else {
return 'Add';
}
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.v-enter-active {
background-color: lightgreen;
animation: added 1s;
}
.v-leave-active {
background-color: lightcoral;
animation: added 1s reverse;
}
@keyframes added {
from {
opacity: 0;
translate: -100px 0;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
translate: 0 0;
}
}
p {
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
border: dashed black 1px;
}
</style>
转换命名 prop
如果您有多个 <Transition>
组件,但希望至少有一个 <Transition>
组件具有不同的动画,则需要为 <Transition>
组件使用不同的名称来区分它们。
我们可以使用命名 Prop 选择 <Transition>
组件的名称,这也会更改转换类的名称,这样我们就可以为该组件设置不同的 CSS 动画规则。
<Transition name="swirl">
如果转换命名 prop 值设置为 'swirl',则自动可用的类现在将以 'swirl' 而不是 'v-' 开头:
- swirl-enter-from
- swirl-enter-active
- swirl-enter-to
- swirl-leave-from
- swirl-leave-active
- swirl-leave-to
在下面的实例中,我们使用命名 prop 为 <Transition>
组件提供不同的动画。一个 <Transition>
组件没有命名,因此使用以 'v-' 开头的自动生成的 CSS 类为其提供动画。另一个 <Transition>
组件被赋予了一个名称 'swirl',这样它就可以被赋予以 'swirl-' 开头的自动生成的 CSS 类的动画规则。
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
<p>The second transition in this example has the name prop "swirl", so that we can keep the transitions apart with different class names.</p>
<hr>
<button @click="this.p1Exists = !this.p1Exists">{{btn1Text}}</button><br>
<Transition>
<p v-if="p1Exists" id="p1">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
<hr>
<button @click="this.p2Exists = !this.p2Exists">{{btn2Text}}</button><br>
<Transition name="swirl">
<p v-if="p2Exists" id="p2">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
p1Exists: false,
p2Exists: false
}
},
computed: {
btn1Text() {
if(this.p1Exists) {
return 'Remove';
}
else {
return 'Add';
}
},
btn2Text() {
if(this.p2Exists) {
return 'Remove';
}
else {
return 'Add';
}
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.v-enter-active {
background-color: lightgreen;
animation: added 1s;
}
.v-leave-active {
background-color: lightcoral;
animation: added 1s reverse;
}
@keyframes added {
from {
opacity: 0;
translate: -100px 0;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
translate: 0 0;
}
}
.swirl-enter-active {
animation: swirlAdded 1s;
}
.swirl-leave-active {
animation: swirlAdded 1s reverse;
}
@keyframes swirlAdded {
from {
opacity: 0;
rotate: 0;
scale: 0.1;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
rotate: 360deg;
scale: 1;
}
}
#p1, #p2 {
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
border: dashed black 1px;
}
#p2 {
background-color: lightcoral;
}
</style>
JavaScript Transition 钩子
刚才提到的每个 Transition
类都对应一个事件,我们可以挂接该事件来运行一些 JavaScript 代码。
Transition 类 | JavaScript 事件 |
---|---|
v-enter-from | before-enter |
v-enter-active | enter |
v-enter-to | after-enter enter-cancelled |
v-leave-from | before-leave |
v-leave-active | leave |
v-leave-to | after-leave leave-cancelled (v-show only) |
当在下面的实例中发生 after-enter
事件时,将运行一个显示红色 <div>
元素的方法。
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>JavaScript Transition Hooks</h1>
<p>This code hooks into "after-enter" so that after the initial animation is done, a method runs that displays a red div.</p>
<button @click="pVisible=true">Create p-tag!</button><br>
<Transition @after-enter="onAfterEnter">
<p v-show="pVisible" id="p1">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
<br>
<div v-show="divVisible">This appears after the "enter-active" phase of the transition.</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
pVisible: false,
divVisible: false
}
},
methods: {
onAfterEnter() {
this.divVisible = true;
}
}
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.v-enter-active {
animation: swirlAdded 1s;
}
@keyframes swirlAdded {
from {
opacity: 0;
rotate: 0;
scale: 0.1;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
rotate: 360deg;
scale: 1;
}
}
#p1, div {
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
border: dashed black 1px;
}
#p1 {
background-color: lightgreen;
}
div {
background-color: lightcoral;
}
</style>
您可以使用以下实例中的 "Toggle" 按钮来中断 <p>
元素的 enter-cancelled
阶段,从而触发输入取消事件:
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>The 'enter-cancelled' Event</h1>
<p>Click the toggle button again before the enter animation is finished to trigger the 'enter-cancelled' event.</p>
<button @click="pVisible=!pVisible">Toggle</button><br>
<Transition @enter-cancelled="onEnterCancelled">
<p v-if="pVisible" id="p1">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
<br>
<div v-if="divVisible">You interrupted the "enter-active" transition.</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
pVisible: false,
divVisible: false
}
},
methods: {
onEnterCancelled() {
this.divVisible = true;
}
}
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.v-enter-active {
animation: swirlAdded 2s;
}
@keyframes swirlAdded {
from {
opacity: 0;
rotate: 0;
scale: 0.1;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
rotate: 720deg;
scale: 1;
}
}
#p1, div {
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
border: dashed black 1px;
}
#p1 {
background-color: lightgreen;
}
div {
background-color: lightcoral;
}
</style>
显示 Prop
如果我们有一个元素要在页面加载时设置动画,我们需要在 <Transition>
组件上使用显示 Prop。
<Transition appear>
...
</Transition>
在本例中,当页面首次加载时,显示 prop 将启动动画:
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>The 'appear' Prop</h1>
<p>The 'appear' prop starts the animation when the p tag below is rendered for the first time as the page opens. Without the 'appear' prop, this example would have had no animation.</p>
<Transition appear>
<p id="p1">Hello World!</p>
</Transition>
</template>
<style>
.v-enter-active {
animation: swirlAdded 1s;
}
@keyframes swirlAdded {
from {
opacity: 0;
rotate: 0;
scale: 0.1;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
rotate: 360deg;
scale: 1;
}
}
#p1 {
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px;
border: dashed black 1px;
background-color: lightgreen;
}
</style>
元素间的转换
<Transition>
组件也可以用于在多个元素之间切换,只要我们使用 <v-if>
和 <v-else-if>
确保一次只显示一个元素:
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Transition Between Elements</h1>
<p>Click the button to get a new image.</p>
<p>The new image is added before the previous is removed. We will fix this in the next example with mode="out-in".</p>
<button @click="newImg">Next image</button><br>
<Transition>
<img src="/img_pizza.svg" v-if="imgActive === 'pizza'">
<img src="/img_apple.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'apple'">
<img src="/img_cake.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'cake'">
<img src="/img_fish.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'fish'">
<img src="/img_rice.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'rice'">
</Transition>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
imgActive: 'pizza',
imgs: ['pizza', 'apple', 'cake', 'fish', 'rice'],
indexNbr: 0
}
},
methods: {
newImg() {
this.indexNbr++;
if(this.indexNbr >= this.imgs.length) {
this.indexNbr = 0;
}
this.imgActive = this.imgs[this.indexNbr];
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.v-enter-active {
animation: swirlAdded 1s;
}
.v-leave-active {
animation: swirlAdded 1s reverse;
}
@keyframes swirlAdded {
from {
opacity: 0;
rotate: 0;
scale: 0.1;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
rotate: 360deg;
scale: 1;
}
}
img {
width: 100px;
margin: 20px;
}
img:hover {
cursor: pointer;
}
</style>
mode="out-in"
在上面的实例中,在删除前一个图像之前添加下一个图像。我们在 <Transition>
组件上使用 mode="out-in"
prop 和 prop 值,以便在添加下一个元素之前完成元素的移除。
实例
除了 mode="out-in"
之外,此实例还使用计算值 'imgActive',而不是我们在上一实例中使用的 'newImg' 方法。
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>mode="out-in"</h1>
<p>Click the button to get a new image.</p>
<p>With mode="out-in", the next image is not added until the current image is removed. Another difference from the previous example, is that here we use computed prop instead of a method.</p>
<button @click="indexNbr++">Next image</button><br>
<Transition mode="out-in">
<img src="/img_pizza.svg" v-if="imgActive === 'pizza'">
<img src="/img_apple.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'apple'">
<img src="/img_cake.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'cake'">
<img src="/img_fish.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'fish'">
<img src="/img_rice.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'rice'">
</Transition>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
imgs: ['pizza', 'apple', 'cake', 'fish', 'rice'],
indexNbr: 0
}
},
computed: {
imgActive() {
if(this.indexNbr >= this.imgs.length) {
this.indexNbr = 0;
}
return this.imgs[this.indexNbr];
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.v-enter-active {
animation: swirlAdded 0.7s;
}
.v-leave-active {
animation: swirlAdded 0.7s reverse;
}
@keyframes swirlAdded {
from {
opacity: 0;
rotate: 0;
scale: 0.1;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
rotate: 360deg;
scale: 1;
}
}
img {
width: 100px;
margin: 20px;
}
img:hover {
cursor: pointer;
}
</style>
动态组件的转换
我们还可以使用 <Transition>
组件来设置动态组件之间切换的动画:
实例
App.vue:
<template>
<h1>Transition with Dynamic Components</h1>
<p>The Transition component wraps around the dynamic component so that the switching can be animated.</p>
<button @click="toggleValue = !toggleValue">Switch component</button>
<Transition mode="out-in">
<component :is="activeComp"></component>
</Transition>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data () {
return {
toggleValue: true
}
},
computed: {
activeComp() {
if(this.toggleValue) {
return 'comp-one'
}
else {
return 'comp-two'
}
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
.v-enter-active {
animation: slideIn 0.5s;
}
@keyframes slideIn {
from {
translate: -200px 0;
opacity: 0;
}
to {
translate: 0 0;
opacity: 1;
}
}
.v-leave-active {
animation: slideOut 0.5s;
}
@keyframes slideOut {
from {
translate: 0 0;
opacity: 1;
}
to {
translate: 200px 0;
opacity: 0;
}
}
#app {
width: 350px;
margin: 10px;
}
#app > div {
border: solid black 2px;
padding: 10px;
margin-top: 10px;
}
</style>