Objective-C 继承(Inheritance)
面向对象编程中最重要的概念之一是继承。继承允许我们根据另一个类定义一个类,它使得创建和维护应用程序更加容易,也提供了重用代码功能和快速实现的机会。
创建类时,程序员可以指定新类继承现有类的成员,而不是编写全新的数据成员和成员函数。这个现有类称为 基类,新类称为 派生类。
继承的思想 实现了一种 关系。例如,哺乳动物是动物,狗是哺乳动物,因此狗也是动物等等。
基类与派生类
Objective-C 只支持多级继承,即它只能有一个基类,但允许多级继承。Objective-C
中的所有类都派生自超类 NSObject
。
@interface derived-class: base-class
参考下面的一个基类 Person 和它的派生类 Employee:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface Person : NSObject {
NSString *personName;
NSInteger personAge;
}
- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age;
- (void)print;
@end
@implementation Person
- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age {
personName = name;
personAge = age;
return self;
}
- (void)print {
NSLog(@"Name: %@", personName);
NSLog(@"Age: %ld", personAge);
}
@end
@interface Employee : Person {
NSString *employeeEducation;
}
- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age
andEducation:(NSString *)education;
- (void)print;
@end
@implementation Employee
- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age
andEducation: (NSString *)education {
personName = name;
personAge = age;
employeeEducation = education;
return self;
}
- (void)print {
NSLog(@"Name: %@", personName);
NSLog(@"Age: %ld", personAge);
NSLog(@"Education: %@", employeeEducation);
}
@end
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
NSLog(@"Base class Person Object");
Person *person = [[Person alloc]initWithName:@"Raj" andAge:5];
[person print];
NSLog(@"Inherited Class Employee Object");
Employee *employee = [[Employee alloc]initWithName:@"Raj"
andAge:5 andEducation:@"MBA"];
[employee print];
[pool drain];
return 0;
}
结果如下:
2022-07-07 21:20:09.842 Inheritance[349:303] Base class Person Object
2022-07-07 21:20:09.844 Inheritance[349:303] Name: Raj
2022-07-07 21:20:09.844 Inheritance[349:303] Age: 5
2022-07-07 21:20:09.845 Inheritance[349:303] Inherited Class Employee Object
2022-07-07 21:20:09.845 Inheritance[349:303] Name: Raj
2022-07-07 21:20:09.846 Inheritance[349:303] Age: 5
2022-07-07 21:20:09.846 Inheritance[349:303] Education: MBA
访问控制和继承
如果派生类在接口类中定义,则派生类可以访问其基类的所有私有成员,但不能访问实现文件中定义的私有成员。
我们可以根据谁可以通过以下方式访问它们来总结不同的访问类型:
派生类继承所有基类方法和变量,但有以下例外:
- 无法访问在扩展名帮助下在实现文件中声明的变量。
- 无法访问在扩展名帮助下在实现文件中声明的方法。
- 如果继承的类在基类中实现了方法,则执行派生类中的方法。